Articles & Guides

In-Depth Guides to Antibody Tests

Clear, evidence-informed explainers on specific antibody tests — what each one measures, why it is ordered, and how results are interpreted. New articles are published regularly.

Transfusion Medicine7 min read

Anti-Kell Antibodies in Pregnancy: Risks and Monitoring

In pregnancy, anti-Kell antibodies can cause fetal anemia. Learn why “Kell kills,” how it is monitored, and what an antenatal antibody screen looks for.

August 13, 2026Read article

Autoimmune5 min read

Smith Antibodies: What the Anti-Sm Blood Test Detects

Smith antibodies are nuclear autoantibodies detected on the ENA panel. Here is a plain-language look at what the test measures and how it is ordered.

August 12, 2026Read article

Transfusion Medicine6 min read

Anti-K Antibodies: Significance in Blood Transfusion

Anti-K is one of the most common clinically significant red cell antibodies found on antibody screening. Here is what it means for safe transfusion.

August 11, 2026Read article

Endocrine & Neurology7 min read

Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) Antibodies: Diabetes and Beyond

Glutamate decarboxylase antibodies help distinguish autoimmune diabetes from type 2 and are also seen in certain neurological disorders.

August 10, 2026Read article

Transfusion Medicine6 min read

Kell Antibodies: A Guide to the Kell Blood Group System

The Kell blood group is one of the most clinically important after ABO and Rh. Learn what Kell antibodies are and why they matter in transfusion and pregnancy.

August 9, 2026Read article

Autoimmune6 min read

Anti-Smith Antibodies: The Lupus-Specific Marker Explained

Anti-Smith antibodies are among the most lupus-specific autoantibodies. Understand why a positive result strongly supports an SLE diagnosis.

August 8, 2026Read article

Infectious Disease7 min read

Treponema Pallidum Antibodies: What the Syphilis Test Means

Treponema pallidum antibodies are the immune markers used to detect syphilis. Learn how treponemal tests work and what a reactive result really means.

August 7, 2026Read article

These articles are for general education only and do not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional about your results.